![]() His discovery of penicillin had changed the world of modern medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, greatly expanded our understanding of the Universe and brought brilliant images to TV and computer screens around the world.Ī stamp commemorating Alexander Fleming. Also, by the end of the 20th century, uncrewed probes had visited the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and various asteroids and comets. These satellites greatly advanced navigation, communications, military intelligence, geology, climate, and numerous other fields. Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. The first orbiting space probe, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. In addition to human spaceflight, uncrewed space probes became a practical and relatively inexpensive form of exploration.As the century ended, a permanent human presence in space was being founded with the ongoing construction of the International Space Station. The United States developed the first (and to date only) reusable spacecraft system with the Space Shuttle program, first launched in 1981. ![]() Later, the first space station was launched by the Soviet space program.
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